![]() Examining the energy of these photons during electrochemical processes can reveal the dynamic structural details of the interface on a temporal and spatial scale. ![]() 11, 12 The general technical principle involves light being introduced onto the electrode/electrolyte interface to interact with local species, and the photons can be reflected, absorbed, scattered, and emitted. 10 One family of the in situ technologies with particular interest is spectroelectrochemistry, which combines electrochemical studies with spectroscopic methods, such as UV-vis and infrared. 2- 4 For example, surface probe microscopies, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), can provide real-time morphological details on the electrode surface 5, 6 X-ray related technologies (X-ray diffraction: XRD X-ray absorption spectroscopy: XAS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: XPS) can reveal the structure and surface electronic properties 7- 9 mass spectroscopy can detect the electrochemically generated intermediates and products. Understanding electrochemical processes under operating conditions requires coupling electrochemical cells with characterization methods, and the choice of technique depends on the regions of interest and the desired information. To address these challenges, researchers need to clarify the electrochemical mechanisms to guide the rational design of both materials and reactions for better efficiency, longer lifetime, and lower price. Yet, apart from rechargeable batteries, most technologies remain immature due to either performance drawbacks or high costs. 1 Multidisciplinary approaches are explored, from material synthesis and electrochemical cell design to reaction optimization and evaluation, aiming to deliver future-proof technologies with superior performance at competitive costs. Some specific examples include electrochemical CO 2 reduction, N 2 reduction, biomass conversion, water electrolysis (hydrogen evolution reaction: HER oxygen evolution reaction OER), rechargeable cells, fuel cells, etc. Typically, most efforts fall into two categories, including electrocatalytic molecule conversion and electrochemical energy conversion. Electrochemistry has been a much-anticipated research sector in modern chemistry as the foundation of many critical solutions to our generation's energy and environmental-related crises.
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